24.3.09

T.S. Eliot, The Hippopotamus, 1925

The broad-backed hippopotamus
Rests on his belly in the mud;
Although he seems so firm to us
He is merely flesh and blood.

Flesh-and-blood is weak and frail,
Susceptible to nervous shock;
While the True Church can never fail
For it is based upon a rock.

The hippo's feeble steps may err
In compassing material ends,
While the True Church need never stir
To gather in its dividends.

The 'potamus can never reach
The mango on the mango-tree;
But fruits of pomegranate and peach
Refresh the Church from over sea.

At mating time the hippo's voice
Betrays inflexions hoarse and odd,
But every week we hear rejoice
The Church, at being one with God.

The hippopotamus's day
Is passed in sleep; at night he hunts;
God works in a mysterious way-
The Church can sleep and feed at once.

I saw the 'potamus take wing
Ascending from the damp savannas,
And quiring angels round him sing
The praise of God, in loud hosannas.

Blood of the Lamb shall wash him clean
And him shall heavenly arms enfold,
Among the saints he shall be seen
Performing on a harp of gold.

He shall be washed as white as snow,
By all the martyr'd virgins kiss,
While the True Church remains below
Wrapt in the old miasmal mist.


Mariano Akerman, 'Potamus, digital, 2009

23.3.09

Kafka


• When Gregor Samsa awoke one morning from uneasy dreams he found himself transformed in his bed into a gigantic insect. (1)

• A cage went in search of a bird. (2)

• A first sign of the beginning of understanding is the wish to die. (3)


Roberto Aizenberg, Painting (Pintura), 1985. Oil on canvas, 86 x 57 cm. Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes, Buenos Aires

• Every man lives behind bars, which he carries within him. (4)

• Like a path in autumn: no sooner is it cleared than it is once again littered with fallen leaves. (5)

• One cannot escape oneself. That is fate. The only possibility is to look on and forget that a game is being played with us. (6)

• There are some things one can only achieve by a deliberate leap in the opposite direction. (7)

• The true path is along a rope, not a rope suspended way up in the air, but rather only just over the ground. It seems more like a tripwire than a tightrope. (8)

• The word "sein" signifies in German both things: to be, and to belong to Him. (9)

• It's often safer to be in chains than to be free. (10)

• Try with all you might to comprehend the decrees of the high command, but only up to a certain point; then avoid further meditation. (11)

• Human nature, essentially changeable, unstable as the dust, can endure no restraint; if it binds itself it soon begins to tear madly at its bonds, until it rends everything assunder, the wall, the bonds and its very self. (12)

• Perhaps this quiet yet unquiet waiting is the harbinger of grace or perhaps it is grace itself. (13)

• Life is astoundingly short. (14)

• A book must be like an ax for the frozen sea within us. (15)


Franz Kafka, Die Verwandlung, Leipzig: K. Wolff 1915. Illustration by Ottomar Starke

References
1 Franz Kafka (1883-1924), The Metamorphosis (Die Verwandlung), 1915, ch. 1, ref. dehumanization
2 The Zürau Aphorisms, 1917.
3 The Collected Aphorisms, 1917-18, no. 13
4 In Gustav Janouch, "Conversations with Kafka," tr. Goronwy Rees, Encounter, August 1971
5 The Zürau Aphorisms, 1917
6 In Janouch, Conversations with Kafka, 1953, tr. Goronwy Rees, p. 99
7 Ibid., p. 107
8 The Zürau Aphorisms, 1917. Franz Kafka, Obras Completas, Barcelona: Teorema, 1: El camino verdadero pasa por una cuerda, que no está extendida en alto, sino sobre el suelo. Parece preparada más para hacer tropezar, que para que uno siga su rumbo. See also David Kaufmann, "Kafka in the Countryside," Forward, 8.9.06, http://www.forward.com/articles/2419/
9 Reflections, 1917-20
10 The Advocate, The Trial (Der Prozeß), 1925, ch. 8. An allusion to Rousseau's famous dictum, "Man is born free, and he is in chains everywhere" (The Social Contract, 1762).
11 The Great Wall of China (Beim Bau der chinesischen Mauer). A "very wise maxim" regarding the rationale behind the construction of the Great Wall.
12 Ibid.
13 In Janouch, Conversations with Kafka, 1953, p. 93
14 The Next Village, 1917-23
15 Letter to Oskar Pollak, 27 January 1904


Franz Kafka, photograph, 1906

• We all have wings, but they have not been of any avail to us and if we could tear them off, we would do so.

• Evil is whatever distracts.

• Every revolution evaporates and leaves behind only the slime of a new bureaucracy.

• Don Quixote's misfortune is not his imagination, but Sancho Panza.

• How pathetically scanty my self-knowledge is compared with, say, my knowledge of my room. There is no such thing as observation of the inner world, as there is of the outer world.

• One advantage in keeping a diary is that you become aware with reassuring clarity of the changes which you constantly suffer.

• I have the true feeling of myself only when I am unbearably unhappy.


Alberto Giacometti, Walking Man, bronze

• My "fear" is my substance, and probably the best part of me.

21.3.09

T.S. Eliot, The Hollow Men, 1925

.
I
We are the hollow men
We are the stuffed men
Leaning together
Headpiece filled with straw. Alas!
Our dried voices, when
We whisper together
Are quiet and meaningless
As wind in dry grass
Or rats’ feet over broken glass
In our dry cellar
Shape without form, shade without colour,
Paralysed force, gesture without motion;
.
.

Mariano Akerman, Prickly Matters I (Grams 453 Living Matter), collage, 2009.*

V
Here we go round the prickly pear
Prickly pear prickly pear
Here we go round the prickly pear
At five o’clock in the morning.
Between the idea
And the reality
Between the motion
And the act
Falls the Shadow
...
Between the conception
And the creation
Between the emotion
And the response
Falls the Shadow
...
Between the desire
And the spasm
Between the potency
And the existence
Between the essence
And the descent
Falls the Shadow
.
.

Mariano Akerman, Prickly Matters II (Grams 453 Living Matter), collage, 2009.*

T.S. Eliot, "The Hollow Men," poem, 1925. Excerpts, pt. I, lines 1-12; pt. V, lines 1-4, 5-9, 11-15, 17-23. First published in 1925, Eliot's eery poem recalls the European wasteland that resulted from the first World War, but also foreshadows the spiritual emptiness, war and genocide of WWII. The hollow men are men empty of faith, personality, moral strength, and even humanity.

"The Hollow Men" [... develops] the theme of debasement through the rejection of good, of despair through consequent guilt. [...] With every effort to make the potential become actual a shadow interferes. This, whatever its private value, has in the poem no clear conceptual reference. It implies [...] inertia incapable of connecting imagination and reality, a defect of kinesis, in par a volitional weakness and in part an external constraint. [...] Eliot's threefold grouping of contrasts between prospect and fulfilment comprehends three failures. The oppossitions of potentiality and actuality [...] blur as the enumeration passes from "potency" and "existence" to "essence" and "descent" [...]. Each of the three groups (by ambiguities) recapitulates the preceding, until by accumulation all three groups combine in the third (Grover Smith, T.S. Eliot's Poetry and Plays: A Study in Sources and Meaning, Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1956).

The short lines establish a sense of breathlessness and exhaustion, while at the same time reminding the reader of some muttered incantation. [...] The "Paralysed force, gesture with out motion" describes the paradoxical effect of the whole poem, which consists both of a sense of exhaustion and of a last concentrated burst of weak energy in the hope of salvation. (Jeff Willard, "Literary Allusion in the Hollow Men," Spectrum, 2000).

The poem takes place in a twilight realm of disembodied men and forces. [... It involves] the vagueness and impalpability of "Shape without form, shade without colour, / Paralysed force, gesture without motion." The hollow men are walking corpses [...] and their emptiness is the vacuity of pure mind detached from any reality. They are cut off from one another. Their voices are whispers, "quiet and meaningless." Groping together, they "avoid speech." They are detached from nature, and live in a place which is devoid of any spiritual presence, a "dead land," a "cactus land," a "valley of dying stars," hollow like the men themselves. [...] Even within their own hollowness detachment is the law. The "Shadow" which falls between idea and reality, conception and creation, emotion and response, desire and spasm, potency and existence, is the paralysis which seizes men who live in a completely subjective world. Mind had seemed the medium which binds all things together in the unity of an organic culture. Now it is revealed to be the Shadow which isolates things from one another, reduces them to abstraction, and makes movement, feeling, and creativity impossible. "The Hollow Men" is an eloquent analysis of the vacuity of subjective idealism (J. Hillis Miller, Poets of Reality: Six Twentieth-Century Writers, Harvard University Press, 1965)

The last section of 'The Hollow Men' in particular places its rituals in a crazy emptiness. The verve of the nursery rhyme spins us round in a sinister way, since it is disturbing to see the familiar 'mulberry bush' of the children's rhyme replaced with the arid 'prickly pear', making the rhyme like some distorted survival of a primitive chant. Eliot's substitution makes this seem an infertility dance. As an American plant, 'prickly pear' also connects with his own childhood in a society whose religious values seemed atrophied (Robert Crawford, The Savage and the City in the Work of T.S. Eliot, Clarendon Press, 1987).

"The Hollow Men" is essentially a poem of emptiness, Eliot's exploration of the state of his own soul as one of many modern souls suffering the same affliction. It is an emptiness caused by the condition of the modern world, a modern world in which men live only for themselves, failing to choose between good and evil. The souls in the poem whose condition we are supposed to be horrified by are not those who have sinned the most, but those who have not chosen whether or not to sin. They exist in a state in-between, a state in which their failure to make a decision causes an utter lack of hope and joy or pain. The heroes of this poem are those who clearly see this state and recognize its true horror. Much of the horror of this state is constructed through the use of allusions that refer to past historical and fictitious characters who suffered similar fates, or who realized the horror of that fate in some decisive moment. While Eliot's general intent may be clear purely from the words of the poem, a much richer understanding can only be achieved by understanding the allusions he uses as literary tools to construct the work on a foundation laid by authors before him.
Eliot's allusive sources are well chosen, for they bring to mind examples of souls who suffer from the same moral condition as those in the poem. All of those souls that are referenced are taken from works or events that are extremely powerful in their own right. Eliot's use of them adds considerably to the power that his poem can convey. From The Divine Comedy he takes images of souls at every level of the afterlife: hell, purgatory, and heaven. Dante's lost souls who never made up their minds to live their lives for good or evil and thus are denied entrance to all three suffer the same condition as Eliot's modern man. Dante the pilgrim becomes heroic in that he dares to look his guilt, shame, and sin in the eye and then makes the conscious decision to repent. Joseph Conrad's Kurtz also escapes this danger, because in his death he realizes the horror of the modern condition, while his Marlow also realizes a bit of the danger, but still cannot bring himself to tell the truth of it. Shakespeare's Brutus also realizes the danger of inaction, the fate of only being able to exist as the shadow, somewhere in-between, but his pride causes him to choose the weaker route and join the doomed conspiracy. Guy Fawkes's whimper spells the end of the failed conspiracy with which he was involved - by doing so he gives up the choice he made for rebellion, his confession betraying his co-conspirators.
Without these specific examples, Eliot could not have conveyed the same meanings without spelling everything out letter by letter. In this poem not only do the allusions display particularly strong examples of the condition Eliot is conveying, but they also add to the power of the poem considerably by evoking a sense of history, of being part of something larger, of being part of a continual decline, or of a constant danger of the human condition. The whimper with which the world ends is the whimper of modern man, the whimper of Guy Fawkes giving away other members of his plot, Brutus betraying his Caesar, Kurtz finally seeing all that he has created and been a part of for what it is, and the murmur of the shades who can never enter heaven or hell. When seen in this context the last words of the poem gain a sort of power they do not have on their own, as they echo the spirits of other historical and fictitious characters.
Only by discovering the sources of Eliot's allusions can we come to a complete understanding of the poem, regardless of how well it may appear to stand on its own. Eliot himself gives very clear clues to at least two of his allusive sources by direct quotations before the poem proper even begins: first in the epigraph to the section, taken directly from Heart of Darkness, and then in the epigraph to the poem, taken directly from the children's cry on Guy Fawkes Day. Clearly these are not meant to be hidden references and once they are discovered other uses of those sources, and other sources that touch upon the same themes, can be quickly uncovered and interpreted.
[...] Putting together the pieces that make up an allusion (finding the source, examining it, applying the relevant themes from the source to the newer work) allow the reader to take some of the power of the poem into his or her own hands. It is up to that reader to find and determine the meanings of the poem and apply his or her own learning experience to the poem. This act of interpretation makes the poem much more personal to the reader even though initially, the allusions may have the opposite effect, making the poem seem exclusive in that it is only accessible to an already knowledgeable reader (Heather van Haelst, T.S. Eliot's "The Hollow Men: a Hypertextual Study of Allusion," Ars Digita University, MIT, 2000-1, conclusions. See the text of the poem with notes).

See also Wikipedia.

-
* The title of this collage and its counterpart have been conceived in English as "Prickly Matters." Both of them can be linked to English literature: "Prickly Matters" recall Eliot's hollow men and the prickly pear; "Prickly Matters" also remind us of a fundamental question rised by William Shakespeare in The Merchant of Venice, 1596-8: “If you prick us, do we not bleed?” (act 3, sc. 1, l. 69).

Double-edged ; De doble filo


DOUBLE-EDGED 1. Having two edges that can be used; having two cutting edges. 2 Having a dual purpose; having two meanings; effective or capable of being interpreted in two ways. Double-edged sword - literally, a sword which cuts on either side; metaphorically, an argument which makes both for and against the person employing it, or which has a double meaning. Featuring: French Medieval hybrid; Giuseppe Arcimboldo; Italian Renaissance grotteschi or sogni dei pittori; Francis Bacon; Quentin Metsys; Keller; Quino; Roman Domus Aurea; Paul-Andreas Weber.

DE DOBLE FILO 1. Arma blanca que tiene filo por ambos bordes de la hoja. 2. Cosa o acción que puede obrar en contra de lo que pretende. Incluidos: Híbrido medieval francés; Archimboldo; Grutesco renacentista italiano; Francis Bacon; Quentin Metsys; Keller; Quino; Domus Aurea; Paul-Adreas Weber.



De doble filo was also a (now lost) digital film on the grotesque in the visual arts, by Mariano Akerman, April 2008. It included works by Giuseppe Arcimboldo, Francis Bacon, Hans Bellmer, Cornelis Bos, Hyeronimus Bosch, Nicoletto da Modena, Jacques Callot, Honoré Daumier, John Deakin, Fermín Eguía, Max Ernst, Cornelis Floris, James Gillray, Francisco de Goya, Joris Hoefnagel, Christoph Jamnitzer, Keller, Santos Machen, René Magritte, Quentin Metsys, Joan Miró, Nine, Méret Oppenheim, José Guadalupe Posada, Raphael Sanzio, Quino, Scopas, Giovanni da Udine, Adam van Vianen, Vasari, Antoine Watteau, Paul Andreas Weber, and other artists.


Jean-Michel Folon, Regarding Day and Night (A propósito del día y la noche), watercolor on paper, 1988-89.

Resources | Recursos
El arte de andar mezclando los tantos

Ortega y Gasset sobre la Metáfora

Espectros de llamas muertas


Vincent van Gogh, Trigal con cipreses, óleo, 1889 (fuente). Galería

1. Ensayo de estética a manera de prólogo, 1914
"La palabra «metáfora» –transferencia, transposición– indica etimológicamente la posición de una cosa en el lugar de otra [...;] la transferencia es en la metáfora siempre mutua: el ciprés en la llama y la llama en el ciprés –lo cual sugiere que el lugar donde se pone cada una de las cosas no es el de la otra, sino un lugar sentimental, que es el mismo para ambas. La metáfora, pues, consiste en la transposición de una cosa desde su lugar a su lugar sentimental."



Francis Bacon, Figura sedente, óleo, 1989, The State of Francis Bacon

2. Renan: Teoría de lo verosímil, 1909
"El encanto que los mitos tienen para nosotros nace de que sabemos que no son verdad. La palmera ecuatorial, que sueña con el pino del Norte en la poesía de Heine, nos conmoverá tanto más cuanto mejor sepamos que las palmeras no sueñan.
[...] De la propia manera el mundo de lo verosímil es el mismo de las cosas reales sometidas a una interpretación pecular: la metafórica.
Ese universo ilimitado está construido con metáforas. ¡Qué riqueza! Desde la comparación menuda y latente, que dio origen a casi todas las palabras, hasta el enorme mito cósmico que, como la divina vaca Hathor de los egipcios, da sustento a toda una civilización, casi no hallamos en la historia del hombre otra cosa que metáforas. Suprímase de nuestra vida todo lo que no es metafórico y nos quedaremos disminuidos en nueve décimas partes. Esa flor imaginativa tan endeble y minúscula forma la capa inconmovible de subsuelo en que descansa la realidad nuestra de todos los días."

3. Ensayo de estética a manera de prólogo, 1914
"Yo diría que objeto estético y objeto metafórico son una misma cosa, o bien, que la metáfora es el objeto estético elemental, la célula bella.
Una injustificada desatención por parte de los hombres científicos mantiene la metáfora todavía en situación de terra incognita. [...] López Picó dice que el ciprés e com l’espectre d’una flama morta. He aquí una sugestiva metáfora. ¿Cuál es en ella el objeto metafórico? No es el ciprés ni la llama ni el espectro; todo esto pertenece al orbe de las imágenes reales. El objeto nuevo que nos sale al encuentro es un «ciprés-espectro de una llama»."


Xul Solar, Una pareja, acuarela, 1923, MALBA

Toda imagen tiene, por decirlo así, dos caras. Por una de ellas es imagen de esta o aquella cosa; por otra es, en cuanto imagen, algo mío. [...] Se nos invita primero a que pensemos en un ciprés; luego se nos quita de delante el ciprés y se nos propone que en el mismo lugar ideal que él ocupaba situemos el espectro de una llama. De otro modo: hemos de ver la imagen de un ciprés a través de la imagen de una llama, lo vemos como una llama, y viceversa. Pero una y otra se excluyen, sin son mutuamente opacas. Y, sin embargo, es un hecho que al leer este verso caemos en la cuenta de la posible compenetración perfecta entre ambas – es decir, de que la una, sin dejar de ser lo que es, puede hallarse en el lugar mismo en que la otra está; tenemos, pues, un caso de transparencia que se verifica en el lugar sentimental de ambas. El sentimiento-ciprés y el sentimiento-llama son idénticos. ¿Por qué? ¡Ah!, no sabemos por qué: es el hecho siempre irracional del arte, es el absoluto empirismo de la poesía. [...] Sentimos simplemente una identidad, vivimos ejecutivamente el ser ciprés-llama. [...]
Hemos hallado un objeto constituido por tres elementos o dimensiones: la cosa ciprés, la cosa llama – que se convierten ahora en meras propiedades de una tercera persona –, el lugar sentimental o la forma yo de ambas. Las dos imágenes dotan al nuevo cuerpo maravilloso de carácter objetivo; su valor sentimental le presta el carácter de profundidad, de intimidad. Cuidando de acentuar por igual ambas palabras podíamos llamar al nuevo objeto «ciprés sentimental».
Ésta es la nueva cosa conquistada – para algunos símbolo de la suprema realidad. [...] Son [...] la superación o rompimiento de la estructura real de [las cosas] y su nueva estructura o interpretación sentimental, dos caras de un mismo proceso. La peculiar manera que en cada poeta hay de desrealizar las cosas es el estilo. [...] El yo de cada poeta es un nuevo diccionario, un nuevo idioma al través del cual llegan a nosotros objetos, como el ciprés-llama, de quien no teníamos noticia. En el mundo real podemos tener las cosas antes que las palabras en que nos son aludidas, podemos verlas o tocarlas antes de saber sus nombres. En el orbe estético es el estilo, a la vez, palabra y mano y pupila: sólo en él y por él venimos a noticia de ciertas nuevas criaturas. Lo que un estilo dice no lo puede decir otro. Y hay estilos que son de léxico muy rico y pueden arrancar de la cantera misteriosa innumerables secretos. Y hay estilos que sólo poseen tres o cuatro vocablos, pero merced a ellos llega a nosotros un rincón de belleza que, de otra suerte, quedaría nonato. Cada poeta verdadero, cuantioso o exiguo, es, por tal razón, insustituible. Un científico es superado por otro que le sigue: un poeta es siempre literalmente insuperable."


4. La idea de principio en Leibniz y la evolución de la teoría deductiva, 1958
"Toda la lengua es metáfora, o dicho en mejor forma: toda lengua está en continuo proceso de metaforización."


Francis Bacon, Tres estudios para figuras al pie de una crucifixión, detalle del panel derecho de su tríptico en la Tate Gallery de Londres, óleo y pastel, 1944

Referencias: 1 "Ensayo de estética a manera de prólogo," 1914, Obras completas de José Ortega y Gasset, Madrid: Revista de Occidente, 1961, vol. VI, p. 261, nota 1; "Renan. Teoría de lo verosímil," 1909; OC, vol. I, pp. 453-454; "Ensayo de estética," 1914; OC, vol. VI, pp. 256-263; "La idea de principio en Leibniz y la evolución de la teoría deductiva," 1958; OC, vol. VIII, pp. 284-285; Verosimilitud y ficción, recop. Justo Fernández López, Hispanoteca, Universität Innsbruck, 1999 (18.02.08).

20.3.09

Resources




Adams, James Luther, and Wilson Yates. The Grotesque in Art and Literature: Theological Reflections, William B. Eerdmans, 1997

Bakhtin, Mikhail. Rabelais and His World (1941), trans. Hélène Iswolsky, Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana UP, 1984, pp. 303-67: "The Grotesque Image of the body and Its Sources."

Barasch, Francis K. The Grotesque: A Study in Meanings, The Hague and Paris: Mouton, 1971

Benton, Janetta Rebold. Holy Terrors: Gargoyles on Medieval Buildings, New York: Abbeville Press, 1997

Bracho, Luís A. “Una aproximación a la estética de lo Grotesco,” Estética, #9, Diciembre 2006, pp. 41-46; SABER (Publicaciones electrónicas de la Universidad de los Andes), Mérida, http://www.saber.ula.ve/db/ssaber/Edocs/pubelectronicas/estetica/num9/articulo4.pdf (5.4.2008); ed-alma

Bridaham, Lester Burbank. Gargoyles, Chimeres, and The Grotesque in French Gothic Sculpture, New York: Architectural Book Publishing Co., 1930.

Burke, Edmund. A Philosophical Inquiry on the Nature of the Sublime and Beautiful, 1757, sect. VII.

---. "Introduction on Taste," The Origin of Our Idea of the Sublime and the Beautiful, Oxford and New York: Oxford UP, 1990, pp. 11-28

Chao, Shun-liang. "The Grotesque Sublime: Play with Terror," Forum: The University of Edinburgh Postgraduate of Culture and the Arts, Issue 2, Spring 2002, http://forum.llc.ed.ac.uk/issue2/chao.html (10.4.2009)

Clark, John R. The Modern Satiric Grotesque and Its Traditions, Lexington, Kentucky: UP of Kentucky, 1991

Clayborough, Arthur. The Grotesque in English Literature, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965

Coleman, A.D. The Grotesque in Photography, Summit Books, 1977.

Connelly, Frances S., ed. Modern Art and the Grotesque, Cambridge UP, 2003.

Cornell University, Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art, Gravely Gorgeous: Gargoyles, Grotesques & the Nineteenth-Century Imagination, June-October 2002, http://cidc.library.cornell.edu/adw/gravely/overview.html

Cramer, Thomas. Das Groteske bei E. T. A. Hoffman, Munich, 1966.

Curl, James Stevens. "Grotesque," A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture. 2000; Encyclopedia.com , 1.3.2009

Dacos, Nicole. La découverte de la Domus Aurea et la formation des grotesques à la Renaissance, London, 1969

Dery, Mark. The Pyrotechnic Insanitarium: American Culture on the Brink, Grove Press, 2000

Echenique, Alfredo Bryce. "Lo grotesco y la moda freak" (2001), La Nación, Buenos Aires, 11.7.2001, http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=215467; ed-alma. See also Cristóbal Pera, “Cuerpos distorsionados y desfigurados: lo grotesco y lo freak en la cultura actual,” Jano, #1379, 2001, pp. 106-7.

Eco, Umberto, ed. On Ugliness, New York: Rizzoli, 2007

Frankfurt, Schirn Kunsthalle, Grotesque: 130 Years of Witty Art, March-June 2003

Freud, Sigmund. "The Uncanny" and "Fetishism," N.p.: N.p., n.d.

"Gargoyles-Grotesques," Crystalinks, 2004, http://crystalinks.com/gargoyles.html

Geerinck, Jan. "Grotesque Art," Jahsonic: A Vocabulary of Culture, 1996, http://www.jahsonic.com/GrotesqueArt.html
and
http://www.jahsonic.com/Grotesque.html
http://www.jahsonic.com/GrotesqueLiterature.html
http://www.jahsonic.com/GrotesqueFilm.html

Greydanus, Stephen D. "It Came from Inner Space: Alien and the Modern Need for Monsters," National Catholic Register, 27.10.2003; repr. "Horror, the Grotesque, and the Macabre: A Christian Appraisal," http://www.decentfilms.com/sections/articles/2578

"Grotesque," Hyperdictionary, 2000, http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/grotesque

"Grotesque Art," Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotesque

Harpham, Geoffrey Galt. On the Grotesque: Strategies of Contradiction in Art and Literature, 1982

Hugo, Victor. Preface to Cromwell, 1827 (Prefaces and Prologues to Famous Books, ed. Charles W. Eliot, New York: P.F. Collier & Son, 1909-14, The Harvard Classics, Vol. 39; http://www.bartleby.com/39/41.html), paras. 31-60

Jennings, Lee Byron. The Ludicrous Demon: Aspects of the Grotesque in German Post-Romantic Prose, Berkeley / Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1963

Kant, Immanuel. "Of the Distinct Objects of the Feeling of the Beautiful and the Sublime" and "Of the Attributes of the Beautiful and the Sublime in Man in General," Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and the Sublime, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: U of California P, 1980, pp. 45-75

Kayser, Wolfgang. The Grotesque in Art and Literature (Das Groteske: seine Gestaltung in Malerei und Dichtung, 1957), trans. Ulrich Weisstein, Columbia University Press, 1957 / Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1963

Kort, Pamela. Comic Grotesque: Wit And Mockery In German Art, 1870-1940, Prestel, 2004

Kossourowa, T.H. The Magic World of the Grotesque: 16th and 17th century Grotesques in the Applied Art of Western Europe from the Hermitage Collection, St. Peterburg, 2000

Kuryluk, Ewa. Salome and Judas in the Cave of Sex, Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern UP, 1987

"La seducción de lo feo," Artelista, http://www.artelista.com/articulos/news1341/la-seducci%20on-de-lo-feo.html (17.3.2009); "Simultáneamente feo y excitante," Firmamentum, 17.3.2009, http://www.flogup.com/gustibus/1453535

Landow, George P. "The Aesthetic and Critical Theories of John Ruskin" (1971) and "Elegant Jeremiahs: The Sage from Carlyle to Mailer" (1986), The Victorian Web, 2000-5, http://www.scholars.nus.edu.sg/victorian/authors/ruskin/atheories/1.1.html (2.3.2009)

Lavery, David. The Grotesque, 2004, http://davidlavery.net/Grotesque/

MacCormick, Ian. Encyclopedia of the Marvelous, the Monstrous, and the Grotesque, 2000, http://easyweb.easynet.co.uk/~ian.mccormick/encyclop.htm

Melikian, Souren. "The Surreal in Western Culture: Lighthearted Fantasy Becomes Simply Grotesque," International Herald Tribune, 31 August 1996, page 8; http://be.jahsonic.com/Fabullus.html

McNeil, David. The Grotesque Depiction of War and the Military in Eighteenth-Century English Fiction, University of Delaware Press, 1990

Meyer, Michael J., ed. Literature and the Grotesque, Rodopi, 1995

Mills, Alice, ed. Seriously Weird: Papers on the Grotesque, Peter Lang, 1999

Muenzer, Alyson. "Urinals, Dreams, Graffiti, and Personal Suffering as Art: A Brief Overview of the Grotesque in Twentieth-Century Painting," The Grotesque, Middle Tennessee State University, 2004, http://davidlavery.net/Grotesque/The_Grotesque_In/grotesquepainting.html#Muenzer; repr. "The Grotesque in Twentieth-Century Art" (revised and annotated version), 2009.

New York, Neue Galerie. Comic Grotesque: Wit and Mockery in German Art, 1870-1940, October 2004-February 2005

Newell, Josh, compiler. "Definitions of the Grotesque," The Victorian Web, 1991-2, http://www.victorianweb.org/genre/grotesque.html

Oates, Joyce Carol. "Reflections on the Grotesque" (April 1993; Afterword to Haunted: Tales of the Grotesque, New York: Dutton, 1994), Celestial Timepiece, http://www.usfca.edu/~southerr/grotesque.html

Remshardt, Ralf. Staging the Savage God: The Grotesque in Performance, Southern Illinois UP, 2004

Ruskin, John. The Stones of Venice, in: Works, ed. E. T. Cook and A. Wedderburn, London, 1904, vol. XI, chapter "Grotesque Renaissance."

Schechter, Madeleine. "Defining the Grotesque: Towards an Aesthetics of Liminality," International Journal of the Humanities, Vol.5, Issue 6, pp.125-132.

Shapiro, Jerald. “A Look Into Grotesque Art,” Marketing Article Bank, http://www.marketingarticlebank.com/Article/A-Look-Into-Grotesque-Art/231285 (2.3.2009)

Steig, Michael. "Defining the Grotesque: An Attempt at Synthesis," Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, Summer 1970

Storr, Robert. Disparities And Deformations: Our Grotesque (Fifth International Biennial Exhibition), New Mexico: SITE Santa Fe, 2004

Styan, John Louis. The Dark Comedy, Cambridge, 2nd ed., 1968

Taylor, Julie M. The Cacophonic Moment (unfinished research), Huston, Texas: Rice University, http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~anth/people/faculty/docs/taylor/paper1-talyor.pdf (2.3.2009)

"The Grotesque," The Fantastic in Art and Fiction, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collection, Cornell University Library, 2002-3, http://fantastic.library.cornell.edu/

Thomson, Philip. The Grotesque, London: Methuen, 1972, http://davidlavery.net/Grotesque/Major_Artists_Theorists/Theorists/Thomson/thomson.html

Trodd, Colin, Paul Barlow, and David Amigoni, eds. Victorian Culture and the Idea of the Grotesque, Ashgate Publishing, 1999

Varner, Gary R. Strangely Wrought Creatures of Life and Death: Ancient Symbols in the Architecture of Europe and America, Lulu Press, 2006

Weir, Anthony, and James Jerman. Images of Lust: Sexual Carvings on Medieval Churches (Exhibitionism and the Iconography of Wealth), London: Batsford, 1986.

Weir, Anthony. Satan in the Groin: Exhibitionist Figures on Mediaeval Churches
http://www.beyond-the-pale.org.uk/satan1.htm

Wildridge, T. Tindall. The Grotesque in Church Art, London: William Andrews, 1899

Wright, Thomas. A History of Caricature and Grotesque in Literature and Art, London: Virtue Brothers & Co., 1864

Zamperini, Alessandra. Ornament and the Grotesque: Fantastical Decoration from Antiquity to Art Nouveau, London: Thames & Hudson, 2008


IMAGE RESOURCES

History of Art, http://www.all-art.org/

MacCormick, Ian. Grotesque, Marvellous, Monstrous, 2000, http://easyweb.easynet.co.uk/~ian.mccormick/images.htm

Chiffriller, Joe. "Medieval Carvings Virtual Tour," New York Carver, 2001, http://www.newyorkcarver.com/photogal.htm

H., Mr. "Nero's Golden House Revisited," Giornale Nuovo: An Accumulation of Inconsequential Notices, Sweden, 24 June 2006,
http://www.spamula.net/blog/2006/07/the_golden_house_revisited_1.html
---. "Faces of the Grotesque," Giornale Nuovo, 10 June 2006,
http://www.spamula.net/blog/2006/06/faces_of_the_grotesque_1.html

Sullivan, Mary Ann. Digital Imaging Project, Bluffton University, 2005-9, http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/index/index2.html


See also: The Grotesque and Its Relatives + Grotesqueness à gogo

14.3.09

Lo familiar vuelto inquietante

por Mariano Akerman*

El filósofo decimonónico Friedrich W.J. von Schelling describió lo extraño-inquietante como aquello que debía haber quedado oculto, pero que no obstante se ha manifestado. Tal idea suele ser asociada con un término particular de la lengua teutona: das Unheimliche.

Complejo, el vocablo unheimlich se refiere a un fenómeno que tiene que ver con la angustia, con lo que infunde miedo, con lo aterrador. En alemán, das Unheimliche significa "lo no familiar" y "lo Ominoso."[1]

Es en el campo literario que E.T.A. Hoffmann y Edgar Allan Poe describen un mundo familiar en el que de pronto irrumpe lo Ominoso, confrontándonos con la noción de que el mundo que conocemos alberga otros tantos, extraños e inquietantes.



Al tanto de esos textos, Sigmund Freud explica en su artículo "das Unheimliche" que el efecto ominoso de aquello que nos resulta extraño y nos desconcierta tiene lugar cuando los límites entre fantasía y realidad se vuelven difusos, cuando algo que entendíamos en términos imaginarios se manifiesta como real.[2]

Freud nota, que si bien antagónicos, los vocablos alemanes heimlich y unheimlich presentan también puntos en común. Heimlich es lo familiar, lo amable, lo íntimo; unheimlich alude a lo ominoso, lo extraño-inquietante, lo siniestro. Pero heimlich tiene también otro sentido que va más allá de lo íntimo: se trata de una acepción adicional del término, una que involucra lo secreto, lo oculto, lo impenetrable.

Solo en heimlich coexisten pues ideas antagónicas y en esa palabra se unen así lo familiar con lo secreto, lo amable con lo oculto, lo íntimo con lo impenetrable.

Freud explica que dada la ambivalencia intrínseca de la expresión das Heimliche, ésta se halla próxima a su (supuesta) antítesis, das Unheimliche.

Más aún, ambos términos en determinadas circunstancias pueden funcionar como sinónimos. Y, mientras los considera por separado, Freud comprende que nociones opuestas coexisten en cada uno de dichos conceptos.[3]

Das Unheimliche es un vocablo rico pero también problemático, ya que implica una manifestación de lo extraño, en la que lo secreto y lo escondido son revelados por sorpresa.

Así, en sus consideraciones acerca de lo Ominoso, Freud recuerda a Schelling y su extraño-inquietante, según el cual aquello que debía haber quedado oculto y secreto se manifiesta abruptamente, para mostrarnos la otra cara de lo familiar y revelarnos lo siniestro.


Francis Bacon, Hombre en azul VI, 1954
Óleo sobre lienzo, detalle

El caso en cuestión es una paradoja por derecho propio, una situación en la que lo familiar y lo extraño se conjugan al unísono, de modo que lo que antes permanecía escondido queda ahora expuesto y en evidencia.[4]

Dado que el caso en cuestión implica una desconcertante expresión de lo malintencionado o lo perverso, o sea, se trata de una manifestación de lo siniestro como algo intimidatorio y perturbador, sugiero referirnos al fenómeno de aquello que debía quedar escondido, pero que quedó puesto en evidencia como lo familiar vuelto inquietante.

Das Unheimliche es un concepto extraordinario, con límites que se dibujan, se desdibujan y pueden ser redibujados de otras muchas maneras.

De aplicarse a una obra de arte y según sea el caso en cuestión, sólo ciertos aspectos del fenómeno estudiado por Freud resultan fructíferos. En lo que respecta a mi propia investigación, das Unheimliche es entendido como el ataque sorpresivo de lo extraño e inquietante, aquello que se presenta problemático y sugiere lo monstruoso. Ante la presencia de tal fenómeno se puede sentir estupefacción, desconcierto, ambivalencia, preocupación, malestar, inquietud, angustia, miedo y/o pánico.

Indudablemente tanto das Unheimliche como lo familiar vuelto inquietante tienen mucho que ver con lo Grotesco.[5] Ello puede ser constatado a través de una frondosa imaginería visual.

................................................ Mariano Akerman


Notas
* Escrito en Hindú Kush, el presente artículo fue inicialmente publicado en Flogup en 2009. Debido a razones técnicas fue trasladado a Imaginarium en 2011. Republicado por Literatura y Psicoanálisis en 2014.
1. En alemán, Heim significa "hogar." Pero unheimlich denota aquello que no es familiar ni hogareño. "En alemán hay una [...] palabra que expresa a la vez la angustia, la desazón, lo extraño y la ausencia de patria o de cobijo. Dícese para ambas cosas, desazón y condición apátrida o ausencia de cobijo: unheimlich, sin Heim, sin abrigo, sin patria u hogar" (Juan Rof Carballo, Medicina y actividad creadora, Madrid: Revista de Occidente, 1964, pp. 255-56). La lengua inglesa posee el término The Uncanny como expresión elequivalente para das Unheimliche.
2. Freud, "Lo Ominoso" (Das Unheimliche), 1919. Sobre su contenido y estructura, ver Anne Clancier, Psicoanálisis, Literatura, Crítica, Madrid: Cátedra, 1973, pp. 48-49; Unheimliches nach Sigmund Freud, recop. Justo Fernández López, Hispanoteca, Universität Innsbruck, 1999.
3. Configuraciones de doble filo, las figuras grotescas funcionan análogamente en las artes visuales y conceptos contradictorios pueden ser detectados en cada una de ellas. Equívoca es la razón de ser del desfigurado rostro del Hombre en azul VI pintado por Bacon en 1954. También problemáticas son las figuras imaginarias agrupadas en mi composición digital publicada en marzo de 2009.
4. Al manifestarse lo extraño-inquietante, lo familiar cede terreno a la angustia. Pilar Errázuriz nota que lo paradójico de tal fenómeno consiste en que la fuente de perturbación no es lo extraño en su oposición a lo familiar, sino que lo que antes era familiar de golpe se ha tornado amenazante y peligroso, poniendo en evidencia algo que hasta entonces se había mantenido oculto, en la sombra (El rostro siniestro de lo familiar, Ciber Humanitatis, No. 19, Universidad de Chile, 2001; consultado 13.3.2009). Acerca de la incidencia de este fenómeno en las artes, ver extrañamiento (desfamiliarización).
5. Mariano Akerman, Definición de lo Grotesco, 1997: categoría estética, estructura mixta que combina elementos incompatibles, paradoja visual tensa y perturbadora que, amén de ser impactante, extraordinaria y equívoca, sugiere efectivamente lo monstruoso (Lo Grotesco en la pinturas de Bacon).

Bacon, Retrato de George Dyer en un espejo, 1968, óleo sobre lienzo, 198 x 147.5 cm. Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid

Espíritu que moras allí donde,
en el profundo cielo,
lo terrible y lo hermoso,
belleza compiten.


Edgar Allan Poe, "Al Aaraaf" (poem, 1829), pt. I, strophe 5, lines 1-4:

Spirit! that dwellest where,
In the deep sky,
The terrible and fair,
In beauty vie!

Edward Bonver, Edgar Allan Poe: Complete Collection of Poems, The Poetry Lovers' Page, 2006

"Al Aaraaf." Early poem by Edgar Allan Poe (1829). Based on stories from the Qur'an, it tells of the afterlife in a place called Al Aaraaf. It is Poe's longest poem. It was inspired by Tycho Brahe's discovery of a supernova back in 1572, which was visible for about seventeen months. Poe identified this nova with Al Aaraaf, a star that was the place between paradise and hell. Al-A`raaf (Arabic الأعراف) was a place where people who have been neither markedly good nor markedly bad had to stay until forgiven by God and let into Paradise (as discussed in Sura 7, Qur'an). Poe explained to a potential publisher that the title of the poem was "Al Aaraaf" from the Al Aaraaf of the Arabians, a medium between Heaven and Hell where men suffer no punishment, but yet do not attain that tranquil and even happiness which they suppose to be the characteristics of heavenly enjoyment.
"Al Aaraaf" is thick with allusions and mixes historical facts, religious mythology and elements of Poe's own imagination.
The setting of the poem is a sort of dreamscape or alternative world. As critic Floyd Stovall wrote, the theme of the poem is "one of disillusionment with the world and escape into some more congenial realm of dream or of the imagination" (Jeffrey Meyers, Edgar Allan Poe: His Life and Legacy, New York: Cooper Square Press, 1992, p. 41).
Related Posts Plugin for WordPress, Blogger...